North American Datum Explained: NAD 27 vs. NAD 83

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North American Datum (NAD) illustrated with a GNSS surveyor, geodetic control monument, satellite positioning, and a North America coordinate reference map.

According to Wikipedia, the North American Datum (NAD) is the horizontal datum used to define latitude and longitude (horizontal coordinates) in North America. A datum is a formal description of the shape of the Earth along with survey markers serving as “anchor” points for the coordinate system. In surveying, cartography, and land-use planning, two North American Datums are in use: the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD 27) and the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83). Both are geodetic reference systems based on slightly different assumptions and measurements.

Front Yards in Residential Communities

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Front yard in Waxahachie featuring a well-maintained lawn, landscaped flower beds, mature trees, and a walkway leading to a residential home.


According to Wikipedia, a front yard is the area of land between a building and the street, often landscaped with grass, trees, flowers, or walkways. It enhances a property’s appearance, provides outdoor space, and contributes to the overall character of a neighborhood. In Waxahachie, well maintained front yards can help create inviting streetscapes while supporting attractive and livable communities.

Pump and Fluid Conveyance Systems 

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Industrial pump systems connected to pipelines and valves inside a mechanical facility for fluid transport and pressure control.

A pump is a mechanical device that transfers energy to a fluid (liquid, gas, or slurry) to move, pressurize, or raise it from one location to another. Pumps are widely used in water supply systems, wastewater treatment, irrigation, industrial processes, HVAC systems, and many other engineering applications. Common pump types include centrifugal pumps, which use a rotating impeller, and positive displacement pumps, which move a fixed volume of fluid with each cycle (Wikipedia).  

Stoplogs in Hydraulic Structures

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Stoplogs installed in a hydraulic structure to control water flow and maintain water levels

According to Wikipedia, stoplogs are removable barriers placed within grooves or guides in hydraulic structures to control water flow and water levels. Individual sections can be added or removed as needed, allowing operators to temporarily block or regulate the movement of water.