According to the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), understanding energy relationships in pipe flow systems is fundamental to safe and efficient hydraulic design. The Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) represents the elevation of pressure head in a pipeline and indicates the height to which water would rise in a piezometer connected to the system. In civil engineering practice, evaluating the HGL is essential for designing water distribution and sanitary sewer systems, as it helps engineers assess pressure conditions, prevent low-pressure zones or surcharging, and ensure reliable service throughout the network.
